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Eosinophils. --- Eosinophil disorders. --- Eosinophil disorders --- Microbiology. --- Eosinophil --- Eosinophil diseases --- Eosinophils --- Leucocyte disorders --- Eosinocytes --- Eosinophiles --- Eosinophilic leucocytes --- Granulocytes --- Leucocytes --- Diseases

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With the recent approval of the first eosinophil-depleting therapeutic agents targeting the IL-5 pathway for treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, eosinophils and eosinophilic disorders are in the limelight. Indeed, setbacks during clinical development of these compounds have revealed how much remains to be known about eosinophil biology in vivo, and have nurtured profuse research both on basic eosinophil biology and on pathogenic disease mechanisms, in order to better delineate the most meaningful targets for innovative therapeutic strategies. On one hand, variable degrees of eosinophil depletion observed in some compartments during IL-5-targeted treatment indicate that certain eosinophil subsets may not rely on this cytokine and/or that other important pro-eosinophilic mediators and signaling pathways are operative in vivo. On the other hand, it is increasingly clear that disorders involving eosinophils such as asthma are the final outcome of complex interactions between diverse cell types and mediators, beyond eosinophils and IL-5. These include type 2 helper T (Th2) cells and innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, and a variety of factors that either activate eosinophils or are released by them. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on asthma because it is a common condition and because management of severe asthma remains a major challenge, several rare eosinophilic disorders with more homogenous features have proven to be extremely useful models to reach a better understanding of the involvement of eosinophils in tissue damage and dysfunction, and of the micro-environmental interactions operating within the complex network of eosinophilic inflammation. Unraveling this interplay has resulted in advances in the development of molecular tools to detect disease subsets and to monitor therapeutic responses, and in identification of promising new therapeutic targets. This Research Topic dedicated to eosinophilic conditions covers aspects of the biology of eosinophils and closely related cells of particular relevance for drug development, reports on translational research investigating pathogenic mechanisms of specific eosinophilic disorders in humans that will likely result in significant changes in the way patients are managed, and presents an overview of the current advancement of targeted drug development for these conditions, with a special focus on asthma.

ILC2 --- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome --- mast cell --- Th2 cell --- Eosinophil Biology --- Asthma --- Eosinophilic Esophagitis

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With the recent approval of the first eosinophil-depleting therapeutic agents targeting the IL-5 pathway for treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, eosinophils and eosinophilic disorders are in the limelight. Indeed, setbacks during clinical development of these compounds have revealed how much remains to be known about eosinophil biology in vivo, and have nurtured profuse research both on basic eosinophil biology and on pathogenic disease mechanisms, in order to better delineate the most meaningful targets for innovative therapeutic strategies. On one hand, variable degrees of eosinophil depletion observed in some compartments during IL-5-targeted treatment indicate that certain eosinophil subsets may not rely on this cytokine and/or that other important pro-eosinophilic mediators and signaling pathways are operative in vivo. On the other hand, it is increasingly clear that disorders involving eosinophils such as asthma are the final outcome of complex interactions between diverse cell types and mediators, beyond eosinophils and IL-5. These include type 2 helper T (Th2) cells and innate lymphoid cells, mast cells, and a variety of factors that either activate eosinophils or are released by them. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on asthma because it is a common condition and because management of severe asthma remains a major challenge, several rare eosinophilic disorders with more homogenous features have proven to be extremely useful models to reach a better understanding of the involvement of eosinophils in tissue damage and dysfunction, and of the micro-environmental interactions operating within the complex network of eosinophilic inflammation. Unraveling this interplay has resulted in advances in the development of molecular tools to detect disease subsets and to monitor therapeutic responses, and in identification of promising new therapeutic targets. This Research Topic dedicated to eosinophilic conditions covers aspects of the biology of eosinophils and closely related cells of particular relevance for drug development, reports on translational research investigating pathogenic mechanisms of specific eosinophilic disorders in humans that will likely result in significant changes in the way patients are managed, and presents an overview of the current advancement of targeted drug development for these conditions, with a special focus on asthma.

ILC2 --- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome --- mast cell --- Th2 cell --- Eosinophil Biology --- Asthma --- Eosinophilic Esophagitis

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It is with great pleasure that we present to you this Special Issue of Medical Sciences. In this issue, we present a comprehensive and contemporary review of the medical comorbidities that contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis, and, conversely, how our interventions as otolaryngologists can impact those systemic conditions. Our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis has evolved tremendously over the last two decades. As we have learned, chronic rhinosinusitis—a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses—is often a local inflammatory response to a systemic or mucosal disorder. The underlying systemic medical conditions not only influence the presentation and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis, but also modify the patients’ response to medical and surgical interventions. Chronic rhinosinusitis associated with cystic fibrosis, for example, is a disorder quite distinct from that associated with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. A clear understanding of the nuances that distinguish these unique and challenging disorders is critical for the practicing otolaryngologist. Equally important, however, is a clear understanding of the powerful benefits that our interventions as otolaryngologists can have for our patients’ rhinologic and systemic health. Knowing that our rhinologic interventions might spare an asthma patient a trip to an emergency room or reduce lung infections in a cystic fibrosis patient makes this a very exciting time to be a rhinologist. We hope you enjoy this Special Issue of Medical Sciences.

n/a --- AERD --- pediatric --- adenoidectomy --- chronic rhino sinusitis --- cystic fibrosis --- biofilm --- nasal polyps --- aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease --- eosinophilia --- eosinophil --- adenoiditis --- nasal poly --- endoscopic sinus surgery --- aspirin desensitization --- central compartment atopic disease --- medial maxillectomy --- allergy --- diagnosis --- adenoids --- asthma --- allergic fungal rhinosinusitis --- nasal polyposis --- Samter’s Triad --- medical management --- sinus surgery --- chronic rhinosinusitis --- sinusitis --- allergic rhinitis --- rhinosinusitis --- polyposis --- hyposmia --- Samter's Triad

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Asthma is a common complex and heterogeneous respiratory disease with an increasing prevalence in developed countries. Asthma is a disease consisting of different phenotypes that are driven by different mechanistic pathways (endotypes). The recognition of these phenotypes and endotypes is central to asthma management entailing prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is acknowledged that despite optimal treatment, many patients are poorly controlled, highlighting the need for phenotype-guided treatments. In this context, the emergence of novel therapies (monoclonal antibody therapy, bronchial thermoplasty) is paving the way for personalized asthma therapy. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis may enable the identification of biomarkers, mediators, novel therapeutic targets, and treatable traits. Further molecular phenotyping or endotyping of asthma will be necessary to tailor new therapeutic strategies. The present Special Issue on Asthma aims to provide the current knowledge on phenotypes and endotypes in appreciating and managing the heterogeneous condition that is asthma.

Medicine --- asthma --- lactic acidosis --- hyperchloremic acidosis --- hypocapnia --- hypercapnia --- wheezing --- bronchial biopsies --- symptom persistence --- clinical remission --- eosinophil --- adhesion --- viability --- proliferation --- airway smooth muscle cell --- pulmonary fibroblast --- phenotype --- acute severe asthma exacerbation --- near fatal asthma --- severe asthma --- inflammation --- interleukin-5 (IL-5) --- anti-IL-5 --- interleukin-4 --- airway remodeling --- matrix metalloproteinases-9 --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 --- alveolar macrophages --- lung function --- bronchodilation --- resistance --- obstruction --- reproducible --- spirometry --- obstructive sleep apnea --- bronchial asthma --- alternative overlap syndrome --- exacerbation --- reactive oxygen species --- PBMC --- mitochondrial function --- innate immunity --- immune regulation --- NLRP3 --- IL-1β --- allergic airway inflammation --- microbiome --- pathogenesis --- immune responses --- PreDicta --- preschool --- FeNO --- asthma-specific quality of life --- chronic rhinitis --- disease-specific quality of life --- health-related quality of Life (HRQLQ) --- children --- longitudinal study